Article 1 These Regulations are formulated in order to correctly determine the origin of import and export goods, effectively implement various trade measures and promote the development of foreign trade. 

    Article 2 These Regulations are applicable to the implementation of non preferential trade measures such as MFN treatment, anti-dumping and countervailing, safeguard measures, origin marking management, country quantity restriction, tariff quota, and the determination of the origin of import and export goods through government procurement, trade statistics and other activities. 

    These Regulations are not applicable to the determination of the place of origin of import and export goods through the implementation of preferential trade measures. Specific measures shall be formulated separately in accordance with the relevant provisions of international treaties and agreements concluded or acceded to by the people's Republic of China. 

    Article 3 For the goods acquired in one country (region), the country (region) shall be the origin; for the goods produced by more than two countries (regions), the country (region) which has finally completed the substantial change shall be the origin. 

    Article 4 For the purposes of Article 3 of these regulations, the term "goods wholly obtained in one country (region)" means: 

    (1) live animals born and raised in the country (region); 

    (2) animals caught, fished or collected in the wild in the country (region); 

    (3) unprocessed articles obtained from living animals in the country (region); 

    (4) plants and plant products harvested in the country (region); 

    (5) minerals mined in the country (region); 

    (6) other naturally generated articles obtained in the country (region) other than those in items (1) to (5) of this article; 

    (7) waste and broken materials produced in the production process of the country (region) that can only be discarded or recycled for use as materials; 

    (8) articles that cannot be repaired or repaired collected in the country (region), or parts or materials recovered from such articles; 

    (9) marine catches and other articles obtained by vessels lawfully flying the flag from waters beyond their territorial waters; 

    (10) products obtained by processing the articles listed in Item (9) of this article on a processing ship lawfully flying the flag of that country; 

    (11) articles obtained from the seabed or seabed subsoil with exclusive mining rights outside the territorial sea of the country; 

    (12) products wholly produced in the country (region) from the items listed in items (1) to (11) of this article. 

    Article 5 In determining whether the goods are fully acquired in a country (region), the following minor processing or processing is not considered: 

    (1) processing or handling for the purpose of preserving the goods during transportation or storage; 

    (2) processing or handling for the convenience of loading and unloading; 

    (3) packaging and other processing or processing for the sale of goods. 

    Article 6 The criteria for determining the substantive changes stipulated in Article 3 of these Regulations shall be based on the change of tax classification; if the change of tax classification cannot reflect the substantive change, the supplementary criteria shall be the percentage of ad valorem, manufacturing or processing procedures, etc. The specific standards shall be formulated by the General Administration of customs, together with the Ministry of Commerce and the General Administration of quality supervision, inspection and Quarantine of the people's Republic of China. 

    The term "change of tariff classification" as mentioned in the first paragraph of this article refers to the change of tariff classification of the goods obtained after the manufacture and processing of materials not originating in a certain country (region) at a certain level in the import and export tariff of the people's Republic of China. 

    The term "ad valorem percentage" as used in the first paragraph of this article refers to the value-added part of the materials manufactured and processed in a certain country (region) that are not originating in that country (region), which exceeds a certain percentage of the value of the goods obtained. 

    The term "manufacturing or processing process" as mentioned in the first paragraph of this article refers to the main process in a certain country (region) that gives the basic characteristics of the goods after manufacturing or processing. 

    Before the implementation of the world trade organization's coordinated non preferential rules of origin, the specific standards for the substantial change of the origin of import and export goods shall be determined by the General Administration of customs, together with the Ministry of Commerce and the General Administration of quality supervision, inspection and quarantine according to the actual situation. 

    Article 7 The origin of the energy, plant, equipment, machinery and tools used in the production of the goods, as well as the origin of the materials that do not constitute the material components or components of the goods, shall not affect the determination of the origin of the goods. 

    Article 8 If the packaging, packaging materials and containers for import and export of the loaded goods are classified together with the goods in the import and export tariff of the people's Republic of China, the origin of the packaging, packaging materials and containers will not affect the determination of the origin of the loaded goods; the origin of the packaging, packaging materials and containers will not be determined separately, and the origin of the loaded goods is the packaging and packaging materials And the origin of the container. 

    If the packaging, packaging materials and containers for import and export of the goods are not classified together with the goods in the import and export tariff of the people's Republic of China, the origin of the packaging, packaging materials and containers shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of these regulations. 

    Article 9 According to the type and quantity of accessories, spare parts, tools and explanatory materials normally provided for import and export of the goods, if they are classified together with the goods in the import and export tariff of the people's Republic of China, the origin of the accessories, spare parts, tools and explanatory materials will not affect the determination of the origin of the goods; the origin of the accessories, spare parts, tools and explanatory materials The place of origin of the goods is no longer determined separately. It is the place of origin of the accessories, spare parts, tools and descriptive materials. 

    If the accessories, spare parts, tools and descriptive materials accompanying the import and export of the goods are classified together with the goods in the import and export tariff of the people's Republic of China, but exceed the type and quantity of normal equipment, and are not classified together with the goods in the import and export tariff of the people's Republic of China, the accessories, spare parts, tools and introduction shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of these regulations The origin of the clear information. 

    Article 10 Any processing or processing of the goods is to avoid the relevant provisions of the people's Republic of China on anti-dumping, countervailing and safeguard measures. The customs may not consider such processing and processing when determining the origin of the goods. 

    Article 11 When the consignee of the imported goods goes through the customs declaration formalities of the imported goods in accordance with the Customs Law of the people's Republic of China and the relevant provisions, it shall truthfully declare the origin of the imported goods in accordance with the origin determination standard specified in these regulations; if the origin of the same batch of goods is different, it shall declare the origin separately. 

    Article 12 Before the import of the imported goods, the consignee of the imported goods or other parties directly related to the imported goods may apply in writing for the customs to make a pre-determined decision on the place of origin of the goods to be imported, if there are justified reasons; the applicant shall provide the customs with the information necessary for making the pre-determined decision on the place of origin in accordance with the provisions. 

    The customs shall, within 150 days from the date of receiving the written application for the pre determination of the origin and all necessary information, make a decision on the pre determination of the origin of the imported goods in accordance with the provisions of these regulations and publish it to the public. 

    Article 13 After receiving the declaration, the customs shall verify and determine the origin of the imported goods in accordance with the provisions of these regulations. 

    For the goods that have made the pre-determined decision of origin, when they are actually imported within 3 years from the date of the pre-determined decision, if the goods actually imported are in conformity with the goods mentioned in the pre-determined decision and the criteria for determining the origin stipulated in these regulations have not changed, the customs will not re determine the origin of the imported goods; the goods actually imported and the pre-determined are verified by the customs If the goods mentioned in the decision are inconsistent, the customs shall, in accordance with the provisions of these regulations, reexamine and determine the origin of the imported goods. 

    Article 14 When examining and determining the origin of the imported goods, the customs may require the consignee of the imported goods to submit the certificate of origin of the imported goods and examine it; when necessary, the customs may request the relevant authorities of the country (region) where the goods are exported to verify the origin of the goods. 

    Article 15 On the basis of a written application submitted by a foreign trade operator, the customs may, in accordance with the provisions of Article 43 of the Customs Law of the people's Republic of China, make an administrative ruling in advance to determine the place of origin of the goods to be imported and publish it to the public. 

Cargo management supervision: Referred to as cargo management. It is an important management authority for the customs to supervise the lawful inbound and outbound goods and means of transport in accordance with the Customs Law and other import and export laws, regulations and policies of the state on behalf of the state at the port, and also the basis for the customs to complete various tasks such as collecting customs duties, stopping smuggling violations and compiling customs statistics. 

The basic system of freight Supervision: it is the basic work of cargo management to examine (declare), check, tax and release the inbound and outbound means of transport and the goods they carry, which constitutes a unified and relatively independent whole of freight supervision. 

Inspection (inspection): it is based on the reviewed documents to directly and practically verify and check the contents declared by the consignor. Except for those who are exempted from inspection according to special provisions, the means of transport of inbound and outbound goods shall be inspected by the customs. It plays an important role in cracking down on smuggling violations and providing actual supervision basis for taxation and statistics. 

Conformity of single goods: when going through import and export customs formalities, the documents of import and export goods declared by the inspection owner are consistent with the actual import and export goods, which is commonly called conformity of single goods. 

Single cargo discrepancy: when handling import and export customs, the import and export cargo documents declared by the consignor are inconsistent with the actual import and export cargo after verification, which is commonly called single cargo discrepancy. 

Release: refers to the Regulatory Act of signing and releasing the goods and means of transport that have been prepared and matched after the supervision of document review, inspection and taxation. 

Opening inspection: the customs is in the process of inspection. The act of opening, verifying and verifying the inner and outer packing when carrying out detailed inspection on some goods. 

Opening and unpacking: in the process of inspection, the customs conducts open case, unpacking and detailed inspection on the goods that need to be inspected. 

Re sealing: the act of re sealing the goods under the supervision of the customs due to recheck and other reasons is called "re sealing", for short, re sealing. 

Customs seal: an envelope printed with the words "customs seal" and can be sealed for internal contact and handover of relevant documents of the customs. 

Customs lock: a metal one-time, long strip type lock used to seal goods under customs supervision. 

Paper seal: a paper seal used to seal small articles under customs supervision. 

Customs seal: when the paper seal of the articles under customs supervision is sealed, the specific customs title and the year, month and day are indicated as the seal. 

Signature and seal: when going through the customs formalities, according to the contents of different operation links, the customs shall stamp different seals on the relevant documents and documents. 

Seal on the perforation: to ensure the completeness of the documents retained for the goods under the supervision of the customs and check the relevant documents, the seal shall be affixed at the place where the documents are handed over. 

Signature: the act of signing and annotating the relevant documents upon the approval of the customs officer when handling the specific customs formalities. 

Customs clearance: the act of completing or temporarily completing customs supervision procedures. 

The system of import and export license is a kind of administrative protection means for China's foreign trade management, and a system for the comprehensive management of import and export goods and articles in accordance with China's foreign trade policies. 

Import and export license: it is the national management import and export trade clearance certificate, which is approved and issued by the Ministry of foreign economic relations and trade and its authorized economic and trade commissions and special representative offices of relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. Since 1992, each item on the import and export license is marked with Chinese and English comparison, commodity name, code and measurement unit, adopting the "commodity classification and coding coordination system". 

Three level management: refers to the three-level management of the specific licensing work of import and export licenses by the Ministry of economy and trade, the Special Representative Office of the Ministry of economy and trade at the port and the provincial foreign trade management department. 

License issuing organs: specifically, the central government, the ministries and commissions of the State Council and their affiliated units, and the license issuing organs applying for import and export licenses are the Ministry of foreign economic relations and trade; the departments and affiliated units of each province, autonomous region and municipality directly under the central government, and their license issuing organs are the provincial economic and trade departments (commissions); the license issuing organs of the other 14 coastal open cities are the special missions of the Ministry of economy and trade at ports Member office. 

Guarantee: it is a kind of guarantee document submitted by the guarantor to the customs in accordance with the requirements of the customs and with clear obligations.  

Guarantee: a legal act to guarantee the performance of its commitment obligations within a certain period of time by paying a deposit or submitting a letter of guarantee to the customs.  

Security deposit: a form of security in which the guarantor pays cash to the customs.  

Overdue payment: according to the relevant provisions of the Customs Law, imported goods shall be declared to the Customs within 14 days from the date of declaration of the means of transport. In case of overdue and unreported goods, the fine for delayed and unreported goods collected by the customs from the 15th day shall be called the fine for delayed and unreported goods. The daily collection amount shall be 0.5% of the import price, and the starting point shall be 10 yuan, and those less than 10 yuan shall be exempted.  

Customs declaration period: refers to the time limit for the consignee or its agent to declare to the Customs after the goods are transported to the port.  

Approval document: refers to the import and export approval document that the consignor and the consignee of import and export apply to the relevant administrative department according to the contents of different economic and trade management when going through the customs formalities.  

Mechanical and electrical products refer to all kinds of agricultural machinery, electrical appliances and electronic performance production equipment and domestic machines and tools produced by using machinery, electrical appliances and electronic equipment.  

Quota: in foreign economic and trade activities, the way to restrict the quantity of import and export of some commodities.  

Quota management: it is a means of national management of foreign economic and trade activities. According to international practices and agreements, some commodities are subject to certain restrictions on the quantity of imports and exports.  

Automatic export quota: it indicates that under the economic and trade pressure of the importing country, or in order to maintain the stability of the export price, the exporting country automatically restricts the export of a certain commodity to the importing country.  

Export quota certificate commodities: in foreign economic and trade activities, the government of a country directly restricts the import quantity or amount of some commodities within a certain period of time. For the commodities under such restrictions, the first thing for the exporting countries is to obtain the quota certificate, and these commodities are also called export quota certificate commodities.  

Trade with Taiwan: also known as direct trade with Taiwan, refers to the relevant foreign trade import and Export Corporation, industry and Trade Corporation and other companies approved and designated by the Ministry of economic and trade can directly carry out economic and trade activities with Taiwan Province.  

Transhipment goods refer to the goods that can be transferred to the designated place of transportation with customs for import formalities upon the application of the consignee and consignor and the approval of the customs; the export goods can be transferred to the Customs at the place of departure with customs for export formalities, and then transferred to the Customs at the place of exit for verification and release. Fill in the declaration form of the customs of the people's Republic of China for import (export) transit transport goods when declaring to the customs.  

Carrying imported goods: refers to the goods under customs supervision that are transported into China by domestic vehicles to the port customs supervision area and then loaded upside down by foreign vehicles.  

Unloading and transferring of export goods: refers to the goods under customs supervision carried out of the country by domestic vehicles to the port customs supervision area and then reversed loaded by foreign vehicles.  

Goods under the supervision of the Customs: all goods subject to the supervision of the customs that have not yet completed the customs formalities. Collectively referred to as goods under customs supervision.  

Transit transportation: usually refers to the intermediate transportation of goods in the commercial system. That is to say, if the goods are not transported directly to the destination, it is necessary to change the mode of transportation or change the means of transportation.  

Carrier: refers to the act of consigning goods by the carrier.  

Consignment: consignor entrusts a transport enterprise to deliver a batch of goods to the designated place and deliver them to the designated consignee.  

Inbound and outbound means of transport: means of transport of goods under customs supervision, including ships, aircraft, trains, automobiles and other means of transport.  

Inbound and outbound trains refer to locomotives, buses, vans, postal vehicles, departure trams, guard cars and rail cars entering and leaving the customs territory.  

Inbound and outbound vehicles: refer to inbound and outbound vehicles, including special vehicles, that are subject to customs supervision and used to carry people or goods.  

Inbound and outbound aircraft: refers to the inbound and outbound aircraft under the supervision of the Customs for carrying people, goods or other purposes, including all kinds of flight tools.  

Container truck: refers to the transport vehicle that fixes the sealed container on the vehicle chassis.  

Container vehicle: refers to the special transport vehicle used to carry the containers that can be unloaded.  

Inbound and outbound pack animals refer to pack animals under customs supervision for carrying goods into and out of China.  

Transportation of import and export goods by special means of transportation: refers to the goods imported and exported by special means of carrying and transportation under the supervision of the customs, including water, electricity, oil, etc.  

Certificate of import and export goods: a document issued and authenticated by the customs to prove the actual import or export of goods.  

Transit transportation: the goods under the supervision of the import and export customs shall be transferred from the customs established at the place of entry or departure to the Customs at the place of destination or exit, which is called transit transportation. With the approval of the customs, different means of transportation can be used to transport and transfer goods.  

Escort: for some import and export goods with poor quality or delayed delivery time, which are rejected by the buyer or sent by mistake or shipped by mistake, resulting in over loading, missing unloading and returning.  

Customs clearance goods: for the goods that have gone through the import and export customs formalities, for some reason, with the consent of the customs, the import and export of the goods will be cancelled and the customs clearance formalities will be handled according to the customs regulations. Such goods are called customs clearance goods.  

Business scope: refers to the scope of goods that can be imported and exported by various companies and enterprises with import and export business rights approved by the competent economic and trade department.  

Category I import commodities: refer to the important import commodities, including grain, steel, etc., which are operated by the state in a unified way, are related to the national economy and the people's livelihood and are sensitive to large quantities.  

Category II import commodities: refer to the bulk import commodities, including wool, which are relatively centralized in the international market supply, price sensitive, in short supply at home and abroad and with large price difference at home and abroad, as determined by the state to be jointly traded.  

Three categories of imported commodities: refer to other commodities except for category I and II commodities stipulated by the state.  

Unified operation: in China's foreign economic and trade activities, in order to safeguard the national interests, the specialized foreign trade head office designated by the state has the right to operate such goods in a unified way for some sensitive commodities with fierce competition in the international market.  

Export textile quota certificate: in order to fulfill the bilateral textile trade agreement signed between China and the countries with textile import restrictions, the Ministry of trade and economic cooperation or the relevant local competent department of trade and economic cooperation shall issue a textile export certificate to the textiles exported to the countries under the agreement. 

Re import of domestic goods: for the export goods of our country, re handling

According to the general agreement on trade in services concluded in the Uruguay round of GATT, trade in services refers to "providing services from one member's territory to any other member's territory; providing services to any other member's service consumers in one member's territory; providing services by a member's service provider in any other member's territory as a commercial presence; serving as a member's service provider in office What other members provide services in the presence of natural persons. " The service sector includes the following: business services, communication services, construction and related engineering services, sales services, education services, environmental services, financial services, health and social services, tourism related services, entertainment, culture and sports services, transportation services. 

I. Basic Organization and common reference books:

1. Basic organization:

1）IATA（INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIATION）：
International Air Transport Association, a non-governmental non-governmental industrial organization spontaneously organized by five major airlines in the world in 1945. IATA provides its members with a wide range of publications. These publications provide basic operating requirements and effective regulations for airlines in carrying passengers, baggage, cargo, mail and intermodal transportation. Its headquarters are located in Montreal and Geneva, Canada, and its branch is in Singapore.

2）ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization). International Civil Aviation Organization. Founded in 1947, it is a governmental agency under the United Nations. China officially participated in ICAO in 1974. ICAO is responsible for the technical, navigational and regulatory aspects of international air transport. Its headquarters are in Montreal, Canada. Its regional branches are in Paris, Dhaka, Cairo, Mangu, Lima and Mexico City

2.Common reference books:
A. TACT（THE AIR CARGO TARIFF）：
The air cargo tariff manual is published by IATA, with one issue in February, June and October each year, including rules and rates. Among them, rules is our most commonly used reference book. Chapter 1.2 & 1.3 & 1.4 in rules is the most frequently used part in our work.
Now I will give a brief introduction to these three chapters.
1.2.3. A Find the three word code of city according to the full name of city
1.2.3. B Find the full name of the city according to the three word code of the city
1.2.4.Look up the three word code of the airport according to the full name of the airport.
1.2.5.Search the full name of the airport according to the three word code of the airport.
1.3.1.1.Search for the country code according to the full name of the country.
1.3.1.2.Find the full name of the country and the IATA transportation conference area according to the country two word code.
1.4.1.Find the three word ticket code, two word code and three word code according to the full name of the airline.
1.4.2Search the full name according to the airline's three word ticket code.
1.4.3Search the full name according to the airline's two word code.

B. OAG (Official Airline Guide cargo) air freight guide, published once a month, mainly announces the flight time. It mainly includes the flight information of all cargo plane and passenger plane that can load container cargo.

III.Basic shipping documents and related knowledge
1. Consignment note: the consignment note is the written basis for receiving and transporting goods, calculating freight and filling in the waybill. The document making company shall keep the consignment note properly so as to search for relevant information in case of abnormal transportation of goods.

2 .Freight bill: it is the preliminary evidence for the shipper and the carrier to conclude the transportation contract, and also the evidence for the transportation of goods. The validity period of the freight bill. After the freight bill is added and signed by both the shipper and the carrier, the freight bill comes into effect. When the goods arrive at the destination, the consignee takes delivery of the goods and signs on the freight bill, the transportation contract is terminated. However, as documentary evidence, the validity of the waybill shall be extended to two years after the cessation of transport.

A..MAWB（MASTER AIR WAYBILL）
The main waybill is the waybill issued by the airline to our company. It is the preliminary evidence for the shipper and the carrier to conclude the transportation contract, and also the evidence for the transportation of goods. The main waybill indicates the name of the shipper and the agent of the destination port, the telephone number and the name of the destination port, the three character code, the flight, etc. Special attention shall be paid to the freight rate, the accurate lowest freight rate shall be used, and the special freight rate shall be used for special goods, and the freight rate on the main waybill is generally "Freight Prepaid". The name column of the main list shall be marked with "consolidation shpt as per attached manifest"; if the goods are fresh and perishable, it shall be marked with

B. HAWB (HOUSE AIR WAYBILL)
The air waybill is the air waybill issued by our company to our customers. The actual shipper, consignee, destination port, number of packages, weight, product name and flight information shall be indicated on the waybill.

3.MANIFEST
Manifest, detailing the details of each sub waybill included in each main waybill. Contents include: name of foreign agent, MAWB No., flight No., port of departure, port of discharge and HAWB no. of each waybill, final destination port, number of packages, gross weight, product name, shipper and designee name.

4 .Random files
Documents shipped with the goods, including MAWB inspected and released by the customs, original for the consignee + delivery Copy + extra copy, manifest. If required by the customer, the packing list / invoice / certificate of origin provided by the customer can also be attached.

5. PRE-ALERT
Advance Notice refers to the notice about the flight number, waybill number, charging standard and other information of the goods to the foreign agent. Generally, it includes master waybill, sub waybill, manifest, pay as you go bill (if freight is paid as you go), etc.
6. Two ways of freight:FREIGHT PREPAID （PP）：Freight prepaid；
FREIGHT COLLECT （CC）：Freight prepaid。

If the goods have been cleared for shipment and the customer requests to change the freight payment method, a letter of guarantee must be provided.
the situation that the airline does not accept CC: (it can provide reference for us to receive CC goods)
a） Ashes of corpses; b）Living animals; c）Fresh perishable goods; d）Personal goods or goods of no commercial value; e）Goods of the same shipper and consignee; f）Goods consigned to a government agency;G) goods with commercial value lower than freight; H) priceless samples; I) newspapers, printing materials and news films; J) alcoholic beverages; K) goods whose consignee's location is airport, hotel or other temporary location; L) goods whose consignee is unmanned.

IV. goods collection and transportation:
The air freight forwarding company of consolidation integrates the goods of several consignors into a batch, uses a master waybill, handles the centralized shipment to the airline, and its foreign agents handle the receiving, customs declaration and other procedures at the destination port, and distributes the goods to the actual consignee. The mode of centralized shipment can achieve lower freight rates and is widely used in international air transport business. The figure is as follows:
SHIPPER 1↘ ↗ CNEE 1
SHIPPER 2→ CONSOLIDATOR → CARRIER → AGENT → CNEE 2
SHIPPER 3↗ ↘ CNEE 3

（A）LABEL
Label, is for the convenience of airlines and our company's foreign agents to distribute goods made of identification stickers.
The corresponding master waybill is the master label, which includes MAWB no, three word code of destination port and number of pieces;
The corresponding waybill is a sub label, which includes HAWB no, three word code of destination port and number of pieces.
（B） Freight rate code:
M: minimum charge, lowest freight;
N: normal rate, freight rate of general goods under 45kg;
Q: quality rate, freight rate of general goods above 45kg.
The air freight rate decreases with the increase of weight. The larger the weight is, the lower the freight rate is. Pay attention to use the "lower freight rate of higher weight grade" (depending on the freight rate grade) to avoid overpaying freight and causing loss.
C） Billing weight of goods
The weight of the goods is divided into gross weight and bulk weight.
① Gross weight, the actual weight of the goods, with 0.10kg as the measurement unit.
② Volume weight, the weight calculated according to the volume of the goods. The calculation formula used is: 6000 cm3 = 1kg or 1m3 = 167kg.
③ Chargeable weight: compare gross weight and volume weight, and take the larger one as the billing weight.
If the gross weight of the goods is greater than the volume weight, the goods are called heavy goods; otherwise
If the gross weight of the goods is less than the volume weight, the goods in this ticket are called bubble goods.

V. aerogeography (IATA transport conference area) and flight time calculation:
A.IATA Zoning: full understanding of aviation geography is very helpful to understand the freight rate and limit its scope of application. For some airlines, different IATA zoning, different fuel surcharges and safety surcharges.


IATA area I: mainly in South and North America. It includes four sub areas.
(1) Caribbean sub region; (2) Mexico sub region; (3) South America sub region; (4) remote sub region

IATA area II: mainly Europe and Africa. It includes three sub areas.
(1) Europe sub region; (2) Africa sub region; (3) Middle East sub region
Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey belong to the European sub region;
Egypt and Sudan belong to the Middle East subregion.

IATA Area III: mainly Asia and Oceania. It includes four sub areas.
(1) South Asia sub region; (2) southeast Asia sub region; (3) southwest Pacific sub region; (4) Japan / Korean Peninsula sub region. (copy area map).

B.Calculation of flight time:
The earth's rotation produces time difference. We have a necessary understanding of this knowledge, which is of great help in arranging flights and considering transportation time
The world is divided into 24 time zones according to longitude. In & lt; & gt;, the time zones of each country are announced, according to which we can calculate the flight time

computational procedure:

1)Find the time zone where the origin and destination cities are located.
2)Convert takeoff time and local time of arrival to GMT.
3)The flight time is the arrival time minus the departure time.
For example, Air China flight ca931 took off from Beijing at 13:45 on Tuesday, December 12, and arrived at Frankfurt at 16:40 on the same day, calculating the whole transportation time.
Step 1: find out the standard time zone where the origin and destination are located.
PEK=GMT +0800(STANDARD TIME)
FRA=GMT+0200(STANDARD TIME)
GMT
+
Step 2: convert the departure time and arrival time to GMT.

Conversion of departure time and arrival time:

-When taking off and arriving east of Greenwich, subtract the time zone from the local time.
-Take off

Type analysis

Boeing series common models (B737 / B757 / / B767 / B777 / B747 / b747-f)
B737model information
Door dimension of B737 series (w * h) cm:
Front cabin: 86*122； Rear compartment: 89*122 ;
Note: B737 series machine belongs to narrow body machine, no bulk cabin, no palletizing, and the gross weight of single cargo shall not exceed 80KGS.
Total cargo volume(M3)：30-40CBM
Cargo business capacity: 2-3 TONS

B757model information
Door dimension of B737 series (w * h) cm:
Front cabin: 108*140； Rear compartment: 112*140; Bulk capsule: 81*122
Note: B757 series models are not allowed to receive pallets.
Total cargo volume(M3)：50-68CBM
Cargo capacity: 5－7TONS

B767model information (KQ)
Door dimension of B767 series (w * h) cm:
Front cabin: 340*170； Rear compartment: 178*170; Bulk capsule: 96*110
Note: board size: 314 * 2.44; cargo height should be controlled at 1.6m.
Total cargo volume(M3)：100-110CBM
Cargo capacity:15TONS

B747model information(JI/AF/CA3208/NW)
The B747 series is divided into:B747-200/ B747-300/ B747-400(F)
Door dimension of B747 series (w * h) cm:
Main cabin:304*340 ； Front cabin: 168*264； Rear compartment: 168*264 ; Bulk capsule: 112*119
Number of passenger seats: B747-200 350; B747-300 416; B747-400 500
Total cargo volume(M3)： B747-200 170 M3 ； B747-300 175M3； B747-400 120 M3
Cargo capacity: B747-200 60 TONS ； B747-400 120 TONS
Number of crates for flight:
B747-200：7 plates (pieces) / 9 boxes (pieces)
B747-300：15 plates (pieces) / 2 boxes (pieces)
B747-400：7 plates (pieces) / 16 boxes (pieces)
Board box size (length * width):
P6P board:244*318(CM)
P1P board:224*318(CM)
DPE box: 143 * 106 (CM) weight limit: 600kg (KQ)
Ake / ave box: 155 * 147cm (MH / CZ) (b Boeing series size: 155 * 163 (CM))

Related instructions:
This series of airliners with less than 200 seats are narrow body single channel airplanes (there is only one channel in the middle of the cabin), with two bulk compartments (front and rear compartments), which can not be packed with plates; this series of airliners with more than 200 seats are wide body airplanes, with three cargo compartments (front, rear and bulk compartments), which can be packed with plates.
1. For large aircraft, the front cabin is usually loaded with plates, and the rear cabin can only be packed. The plates in the front cabin can be changed into boxes, and the bulk cabin is located at the tail of the aircraft.
2. 2500kg is suitable for large plate, 2300kg for small plate, and 800kg for large box. The small box is generally suitable for 600kg, which can be loaded more when the load is not limited, and can be loaded more when the planting is limited.
3. The receiving size is generally 10cm smaller than the hatch size.
4. The above data are theoretical data, and the specific actual operation shall be subject to the actual situation of aircraft type and cabin stowage.

Common models of Airbus (A319 / A320 / A300 / A330 / A340 / A380)
A300-200 model (TG)
Hatch size (w * h) cm:
Front cabin: 270*178 ；Rear compartment: 181*171 ;Bulk capsule: 95*95
A300 series is divided into: A300-600
Number of passenger seats: 266
Total cargo volume(M3)：115.7M3
Cargo capacity:13.76Tons
Number of crates for flight: 4 plates (blocks) / 22 boxes (PCs.)
Longest voyage (km): 3,519
Maximum duration (hours: minutes): 4:22
Cruise speed (km / h):840

A330model information（MH）
A330 series is divided into: A330-200 、A330-300
Hatch size (w * h) cm:
A330-200:
Front cabin: 244*170 ； Rear compartment: 244*170 ; Bulk capsule: 95*106
A330-300
Front cabin: 244*170 ； Rear compartment: 244*170 ; Bulk capsule: 95*63
Number of passenger seats:A330-200 / 293 ；A330-300/335
Total cargo volume(M3)： A330-200 136 M3 ； A330-300 161.4M3
Cargo capacity:13.76Tons
Number of crates for flight:
A330-200：6 plates (pieces) / 19 boxes (pieces)
A330-300：11 plates (pieces) / 32 boxes (pieces)
A330-200:
Longest voyage (km): 10,303
Maximum duration (hours: minutes): 11:59
Cruise speed (km / h): 883
A330-300:
Longest voyage (km): 7,582
Maximum duration (hours: minutes): 8:51
Cruise speed (km / h): 883

A340model information
A340 series is divided into: A340-200、A340-300、A340-500、A340-600
Hatch size (w * h) cm:
Front cabin: 244*170 ； Rear compartment: 244*170 ; Bulk capsule: 95*63
Number of passenger seats:A330-200 293 ；A330-300 335
Total cargo volume(M3)： A330-200 136 M3 ； A330-300 161.4M3
Cargo capacity:13.76Tons
Number of crates for flight:
A340-200：6 plates (blocks) 19 boxes (PCs.)
A340-300：11 plates (blocks) 33 boxes (PCs.)
A340-500：10 plates (blocks) 31 boxes (PCs.)
A340-600：14 plates (blocks) 43 boxes (PCs.)

一、Types of air containers

1. General cargo container

For general cargo, baggage and mail, classification:AMA AMF ALF AKE

A)Container---AMA---M1

 

Container type：AMA

ATA code：M1

Container capacity：621 cu. ft. 17.58mc

Container weight:360 kg

Maximum container weight: 6,804 kg

Container type:747F

 

B)Container---AMF---n/a

 

Container type:AMF

ATA code：n/a

Container capacity：516 cu. ft. 14.6 mc

Container weight:330 kg

Maximum container weight: 5,035 kg

Container type:747, 747F, 777, Airbus

 

C)Container---ALF---LD6

 

Container type:ALF

ATA code：LD6

Container capacity：310 cu. ft., 8.78 mc

Container weight:155 kg

Maximum container weight: 3,175 kg

Container type:747, 747F, 777, Airbus

 

D)Container---AAU---LD29

 

Container type:AAU

ATA code：LD29

Container capacity：505 cu. ft., 14.3 mc

Container weight:355 kg

Maximum container weight: 4,626 kg

Container type:747, 747F

 

E)Container---AKE---LD3

 

Container type:AKE

ATA code：LD3

Container capacity：152 cu. ft, 4.3mc

Container weight:100 kg

Maximum container weight: 1,588 kg

Container type:747, 747F, 777, Airbus

 

2、Refrigerated container

Mainly used to transport fresh goods, such as fruits, vegetables, seafood and so on. The refrigerated container can use the Australian lock. The interior is equipped with a dry refrigerator with constant temperature.

A)Refrigerated container---RKN---LD3

 

Container type:RKN Container

ATA code：LD3

Container capacity：125.41 cu. ft., 3.55 mc

Container weight:190 kg

Maximum container weight: 1,588 kg

Container type:747, 747F, 777, Airbus

 

B)Refrigerated container---RAP---LD9

 

Container type:RAP Container

ATA code：LD9

Container capacity：352 cu. ft., 9.2mc

Container weight:330 kg

Maximum container weight: 4,626 kg

Container type:747, 747F, 777, Airbus

 

二、Types of air pallets

Pallet
The pallet is a flat aluminum plate. The cargo is placed on the board and fixed by the rope net. Classification:PGA PMC,PQP,P6P PEB P1P,PAG PLA

A)Pallet---PEB

Pallet type:PEB Pallet

Pallet size:Base : 53 x 88 Height: 84

Pallet weight:55Kg

Maximum capacity weight of pallet [including pallet weight]: 1,800 kg (B-HIH - 1,300 kg)

Suitable loading model of pallet: 747F

  

B)Pallet---PGA

Pallet type:PGA Pallet

Pallet size:Base: 96 x 238.5 Height: 96 (Q6 Contour), 118 (Q7 Contour)

Pallet weight:480Kg

Maximum capacity weight of pallet [including pallet weight]: 11,340 kg

Suitable loading model of pallet: 747F

  

C)Pallet---PLA

Pallet type:PLA Pallet

Pallet size:Base : 60.4 x 125 Height : 64

Pallet weight:103Kg

Maximum capacity weight of pallet [including pallet weight]: 3,175 kg

Suitable loading model of pallet: 747, 747F, 777

Air waybill

I. nature and function of air waybill

Air bill is very different from sea bill, but it is similar to international railway bill. It is an important transport document of goods issued by the carrier or its agent, and it is the contract of carriage of both parties, and its content is binding on both parties. The air waybill is not transferable and the possession of the air waybill does not indicate that ownership of the goods can be claimed.

(1) an air waybill is a contract of carriage between the consignor and the air carrier

Unlike a sea bill of lading, an air waybill not only proves the existence of an air transport contract, but also itself is a contract of carriage of goods concluded between the consignor and the air transport carrier, which takes effect after being signed by both parties and becomes invalid when the goods arrive at the destination and are delivered to the consignee recorded in the waybill.

(2) an air waybill is a certificate issued by the carrier that the goods have been received

The air waybill is also the goods receipt. After the consignor ships the goods, the carrier or its agent will give one of the copies to the consignor (i.e. the consignor's copy) as the proof that the goods have been received. Unless otherwise noted, it is a proof that the carrier has received the goods and shipped them in good condition.

(3) The air waybill is the bill for the carrier to collect the freight

The air waybill records the expenses that belong to the consignee, the expenses that should be paid to the carrier and the fees that should be paid to the agent, and details the type and amount of the fee, so it can be used as the freight bill and invoice. Carriers often also use the carrier as a bookkeeping vouchers.

(4) The air waybill is one of the customs declaration documents

The air waybill at the time of export is one of the customs declaration documents. When the goods arrive at the destination airport for import declaration, the air waybill is usually the basic document for customs clearance.

(5) Air waybill can also be used as insurance certificate

If the carrier undertakes insurance or the consignor requires the carrier to act as insurance, the air waybill can also be used as an insurance certificate.

(6) Air waybill is the basis of the carrier's internal business

The air waybill is accompanied by the goods and proves the identity of the goods. The consignment note carries matters concerning the delivery, transshipment and delivery of the goods, and the carrier will accordingly arrange the transportation of the goods.

The original air waybill is in triplicate, each with a back clause printed on it, one of which is the carrier's or its agent's receipt of the goods; the second is retained by the carrier as a voucher; A copy of the goods, as the basis for the receipt of the goods when the goods arrive at the destination and are delivered to the consignee.

II. Classification of air waybills

Air waybills are mainly divided into two categories:

(1) Air Main Waybill (MAWB, Master Air Waybill)

An air waybill issued by an air transport company is called a main waybill. It is the basis for the air transport company to handle the transportation and delivery of goods. It is the transportation contract concluded between the airline and the shipper. Each batch of air transported goods has its own corresponding air main waybill.

(2) Air Waybill (HAWB, House Air Waybill)

The air waybill issued by the centralized shipper when handling the centralized consignment business is called the air waybill.

In the case of centralized consignment, in addition to the air waybill issued by the air transport company, the centralized shipper must also issue an air waybill. The relationship between the parties at this time is as shown.

In the middle, the air waybill is used as the cargo transportation contract between the centralized shipper and the shipper. The two parties are the goods A, B and the centralized shipper respectively; and the air waybill is the cargo between the air transport company and the centralized shipper. For the contract of carriage, the parties are centralized shippers and air transport companies. The owner has no direct contractual relationship with the air transport company.

Moreover, since the goods are delivered to the air transport company by the centralized shipper at the place of origin, the goods are taken from the air transport company at the destination by the centralized shipper or their agent, and then transferred to the consignee, so the shipper and the air transport company There is also no direct cargo handover relationship. Third, the contents of the air waybill

Air waybills are similar to ocean bills of lading. There are also positive and negative terms. Different airlines also have their own unique air waybill format. The difference is that the shipping company's ocean bill of lading may be different, but most of the air waybills used by airlines draw on the standard format recommended by IATA, the difference is not big. So we only introduce this standard format here, also known as the neutral waybill. The following sections describe the fields that need to be filled out as follows:

1. Departure station airport: It is required to fill in the three-character code of the originating station airport or city formulated by IATA. This column should be consistent with column 11.

1A：The airline code compiled by IATA, such as the code of international airlines in China, is 999;

1B：Waybill number.

2．Shipper|s Name and Address: Fill in the name, address, country and contact method of the shipper.

3．Shipper account number: only fill in when necessary.

4．Consignee|s Name and Address: The consignee's name, address, country and contact method should be filled in. Unlike the ocean bill of lading, because the air waybill is not transferable, the words "with instructions" must not appear.

5．Consignee account number: Same as column 3, only when necessary.

6．The name and city of the carrier's agent (Issuing Carrier|s AgentName and City).

7．The agent's IATA code.

8．Agent account.

9．Airport of Departure and Requested routing: The originating station here should be the same as that entered in column 1.

10．Accounting Information: This field is only filled in when a special payment method is used.

11A（C、E）．To：Fill in the IATA code of the first (two, three) transfer station airport respectively.

11B（D、F）．Carrier (By): The carrier that is transported in the first (second and third) paragraphs respectively.

12．Currency: Enter the ISO currency code.

13．Charge code: Indicates the payment method.

14．Freight and declared value (WT/VAL, weight charge/valuation charge):

There are two situations at this point: prepaid (PPD, Prepaid) or paid (COLL collect). If the prepayment is filled in "14" in 14A, otherwise it will be filled in the 14th. It should be noted that the method of paying the freight and the declared value fee in the air cargo transportation must be the same and cannot be paid separately.

15．Other fees: There are also two types of payment methods: prepaid and paid.

16．Declared Value for Carriage: Enter the declared value of the shipper for shipping in this column. If the shipper does not require a declared value, enter "NVD (No value declared)".

17．Declared Value for Customs: The consignor here fills in the declared value of the customs, or fills in "NCV (No customs valuation)", indicating no declared value.

18．Airport of Destination: Fill in the full name of the final destination airport.

19．Flight/Date: Fill in the flight and date of the shipment.

20．Amount of Insurance: Only fill in when the airline provides insurance on behalf of the customer and the customer needs it.

21．Handling Information: Generally, the carrier pays attention to the handling of the goods, such as "Shipper|s certification for live animals".

22A--22L Freight freight, freight details.

22A.No. of Pieces RCP (Rate Combination Point): The number of packages filled in the goods. If 10 packs, fill in "10". When you need to form a proportional freight rate or a segmented plus freight rate, fill in the IATA code of the airport at the freight rate component point in this column.

22B.Gross Weight: Fill in the gross gross weight of the goods.

22C.Weight unit: can choose kg (kg) or pound (lb).

22D.Rate Class: There are 6 codes for different air freight rates. They are M (Minimum, at least freight), C (Specific Commodity Rates), S (Surcharge), which is higher than the normal freight rate. Class freight rate), R (Reduced, lower than the freight rate of ordinary freight rates), N (Normal, ordinary freight rates applicable to goods below 45 kg), Q (Quantity, applicable for goods above 45 kg) Ordinary freight rate).

22E.Commodity Item No.: You need to fill in the product code in this column when using the special freight rate.

22F.Chargeable Weight: This column is filled with the billable weight that the airline uses to calculate the shipping cost, which can be the same as or different from the gross weight of the cargo.

22G.Rate/Charge: Enter the applicable rate for the item.

22H.Total: The value in this column should be the minimum shipping value or the product of the freight and billing weights.

22I.The name and quantity of the goods, including size and volume (Nature and Quantity of Goods incl. Dimensions or Volume): The size of the goods should be in centimeters or inches, and the dimensions are based on the longest, widest, and highest sides of the goods. The volume is the product of the above three sides, in cubic centimeters or cubic inches.

22J.The total number of goods under the waybill.

22K.The gross gross weight of the goods under the waybill.

22L.The total freight cost of the goods under the waybill.

23．Other fees.

Freight forwarding basic concept

　　1. The definition of the general agent of the International Freight Forwarders Association is: according to the instructions of the customer, the person who picks up the goods for the benefit of the customer is not the carrier himself. The freight forwarder can also engage in activities related to the delivery contract, such as storage, customs declaration, acceptance, and collection.

　　2. The definition of the implementation rules of China's international freight forwarding industry management regulations is: international freight forwarding agency enterprises can act as the consignee of import and export goods, the agent of the consignor, or as an independent operator to engage in international freight forwarding business.

　The international freight forwarding enterprise as an agent engaged in international freight forwarding business means that the international freight forwarding enterprise accepts the entrustment of the consignee or consignor or its agent in and out of the goods, handles the relevant business in the name of the principal or own, and collects the agency fee. Or commission behavior.

　　As an independent operator, the international freight forwarding enterprise engages in international freight forwarding business, which means that the international freight forwarding enterprise accepts the entrustment of the consignee, consignor or its agent to enter and leave the goods, issues the transport document, fulfills the transportation contract and collects the freight and service fee. the behavior of.

Freight forwarding service object

　　Judging from the basic nature of international freight forwarders, freight forwarders are mainly entrusted by the entrusting party to deal with matters such as cargo transportation, transshipment, warehousing, loading and unloading. On the one hand, it enters into a contract of carriage with the shipper of the goods, and at the same time he signs a contract with the transport department, which is the carrier of the goods for the shipper. At present, a considerable number of cargo agents are in charge of all kinds of transportation tools and storage yards for storing goods, and handle the transportation of goods including sea, land and air when operating their business. The main business of the International Freight Forwarding Agency is:

　　I. Serving shippers

　　The freight forwarder replaces the consignor to undertake any procedure in the transportation of different goods:

　　1. Arrange the appropriate cargo packaging and choose the transportation route of the goods in the fastest and most economical way of transportation.

　　2. Suggest storage and distribution to customers.

　　3. Select a reliable and efficient carrier and be responsible for concluding the transportation contract.

　　4. Arrange the weighting and measurement of the goods.

　　5. Handle cargo insurance.

　　6. the assembly of goods.

　　7. Store the goods before shipment or before the goods are sorted at the destination.

　　8. Arrange the transportation of goods to the port, go through the formalities of customs and related documents, and hand over the goods to the carrier.

　　9. On behalf of the shipper/importer, the shipping fee and customs duty.

　　10. Handle any foreign exchange transactions related to the transportation of goods.

　　11. Obtain various signed bills of lading from the carrier and hand them over to the shipper.

　　12. Supervise the process of cargo transportation by contacting the carrier with the agent of the freight forwarder abroad, and let the shipper know where the goods are going.

　　II. Serving customs

　　When a freight forwarder acts as a customs agent to handle customs formalities related to import and export goods, it not only represents his clients but also represents customs authorities. In fact, in many countries, he has obtained the permission of these authorities, handles customs procedures, and is responsible to the customs. He is responsible for the early issuance of documents, the exact amount, quantity and name of the goods, so that the government does not Suffered from loss.

　　III. Serving carriers

　　The freight forwarder timely settles the carrier, agrees on the fair and reasonable cost to the consignor and the carrier, arranges the delivery at the appropriate time, and resolves the carrier's freight account in the name of the consignor.

　　IV. service for airlines

　　Freight forwarders act as agents for airlines in the air transport industry. It is designated as the agent of IATA for the purpose of air cargo transportation. In this relationship, it uses the carrier's freight means to serve the cargo owner, and the carrier pays the Commission. At the same time, as a freight forwarder, it continues to serve the consignor or consignee by providing services suitable for air transportation.

　　V. service for liner company

　　The relationship between freight forwarders and liner companies varies with their business. In recent years, the LCL service provided by freight forwarders, i.e. the consolidation service of LCL goods, has established a relatively close relationship between them and liner companies and other carriers (such as railways). However, some countries refuse to pay commissions to freight forwarders, so they strive for commissions worldwide.

　　VI. providing LCL service

　　With the growth of intermediate loading and transportation in international trade, the freight forwarder takes the role of the principal in providing the services of container consolidation and consolidation. The basic meaning of consolidation and LCL is to gather the small goods sent by several consignors in one place of shipment to several consignees in another place of destination as a freight forwarder of the whole goods to the destination, and deliver the single bill of goods to each consignee through it. The freight forwarder issues the bill of lading, that is to say, the bill of lading or other similar receipts shall be delivered to the consignor of each bill of goods; the freight forwarder's agent at the port of destination shall deliver the bill of lading to the consignee with the original bill of lading. The consignee and consignor of LCL do not contact with the carrier directly. For the carrier, the freight forwarder is the consignor, while the agent of the Freight Forwarder at the destination port is the consignee. Therefore, the carrier issues a full bill of lading or a waybill to the forwarder. If the consignor or consignee has special requirements, the freight forwarder can also provide door-to-door services at the place of shipment and destination.

　　VII. Providing multimodal transport services

　　In the role of freight forwarder, a more far-reaching influence of containerization is that it intervenes in multimodal transport, which is that it acts as the main carrier and undertakes to organize a single contract to carry out door-to-door freight transport through multiple modes of transport. It can negotiate and sign contracts separately with other carriers or other service providers as parties. However, these allocation contracts will not affect the implementation of the multimodal transport contract, that is to say, will not affect the obligations of the consignor and his responsibility for the damage and loss of the goods in the process of multimodal transport. When a freight forwarder acts as a multimodal transport operator, it usually needs to provide a comprehensive "package" of services including all transport and distribution processes, and assume a higher level of responsibility for its customers.

　　Responsibilities of freight forwarders

　　1. Basic responsibilities

　　As the carrier completes the transportation of the goods and assumes responsibility (by issuing the shipping documents, using their own transportation, or entrusting others to complete the transportation of the goods, and collecting the freight).

　　It is not directly responsible for the carriage of goods by the carrier (issuing the shipping documents by others, using the means of transportation, or renting other people's means of transport, or renting other people's means of transport, or entrusting others to complete the transportation of the goods, is not directly responsible).

　　In accordance with the agreement or contract with the entrusting party, or when conducting business activities in accordance with the instructions of the entrusting party, the freight forwarder shall complete the entrustment with the usual responsibility, especially within the scope of the authorization.

　　Report all important matters truthfully. The information and materials provided to the entrusting party in the entrusted business must be true. If there is any concealment or the loss of the information provided, the entrusting party has the right to pursue and cancel the agency contract or agreement with the freight forwarder.

　　Negative confidentiality obligations. The information obtained during the freight forwarding process is leaked to third parties. At the same time, the transfer of agency rights may not be transferred to others.

　　2. Term of liability

　　From the time the goods are received to the destination, the goods are delivered to the consignee, or the goods are placed at the place indicated by the consignee as directed and fulfilled and fulfilled the delivery obligations specified in the contract.

　　3. Responsibility for the contract

　　The international freight forwarder shall be liable for the loss of the goods caused by the failure to execute the contract.

　　4. Responsibility for warehousing

　　When accepting the goods for storage, the freight forwarder shall, after receiving the goods, give the entrusting party a receipt or warehouse certificate, and perform their duties during the storage of the goods, and select different storage methods according to the characteristics and packaging of the goods.

　　5. The right

　　The entrusting party shall pay to the freight forwarder all expenses incurred in the transportation, storage, insurance, customs clearance, visas, handling of documents, etc., and other services provided by the freight forwarder, and also due to the reasons why the freight forwarder cannot control it. Other expenses resulting from the inability to perform the contract. If the loss or damage of the goods falls within the scope of the insurer's contract, after the freight forwarder compensates, the subrogation right is obtained from the owner of the goods, and compensation or reimbursement is obtained from other responsible persons. When the freight forwarder fully compensates the goods, the ownership of the goods is transferred to the freight forwarder.

　　6. Exclusions

　?、?Due to negligence or negligence of the client.

　?、?Due to the fault of the principal or other agent during loading, unloading, warehousing or other operations.

　?、?Due to the natural characteristics or potential defects of the goods.

　?、?Due to the unsound packaging of the goods, the sign is unclear.

　?、?Due to the unclear, incomplete and inaccurate delivery of goods.

　?、?Due to unclear and incomplete representation of the contents of the goods.

　?、?Due to force majeure, natural disasters, accidents

　　However, if it can be proved that the loss or damage of the goods is caused by the negligence or negligence of the freight forwarder, or the loss of the goods, the damages shall be compensated.

　　Freight forwarding liability

　　The general terms and conditions of the freight forwarding association also stipulates the principle of compensation in two aspects: one is the principle of liability, and the other is the limitation of liability.

　　I. Principle of liability

　　If the consignee finds that the goods have been lost or damaged, and can prove that the loss or damage was caused by the negligence of the freight forwarder, that is, to file a claim with the freight forwarder, in general, the notice of the claim shall not exceed the number of days after the arrival of the goods. Otherwise, the delivery obligation has been fulfilled as a freight forwarder. Basic compensation principle for freight forwarding:

　　1. If the market price or the current price of the goods at the grounding point is different from the invoice amount, but the difference cannot be determined, the invoice amount shall be compensated.

　 2. No compensation shall be paid for antiques and other special value of goods of no actual value. (unless a special statement is made and the fee is paid)

　　3. the team also lives in accordance with the law, the freight, customs tax, and other expenses are responsible for compensation. But no compensation for further losses.

　　4. Partial loss or damage of the goods shall be compensated in proportion.

　　5. If the goods are still delivered within the delivery date of the delivery date, it constitutes a delay in delivery, and the freight forwarder shall compensate for the direct consequences and reasonable expenses that may be caused by the delay.

　　II. Limitation of liability

　　From the existing international conventions, some adopt the single standard compensation method, some adopt the double standard compensation method, so should the compensation method for the international freight forwarder, but the actual practices are different and the differences are large.

　　Container full container flow process:

　　1. The shipper configures the container in his own factory or warehouse;

　　2. The consignor shall pack the goods in his own factory or warehouse;

1. By ship operation mode

　(1) the term "regular route" refers to a route that uses fixed ships, sails according to a fixed schedule and port, and operates passenger and cargo transportation business at a relatively fixed freight rate. Regular routes, also known as liner routes, mainly carry miscellaneous goods. (2) irregular route is the route selected temporarily according to the needs of freight transportation. Ships, shipping dates and ports are not fixed. They are mainly engaged in bulk and low-cost cargo transportation.

　　2. By distance

　　(1) ocean-going shipping line refers to the shipping line with a long distance and a ship sailing across the ocean, such as the route to Europe and America as far east. Our country is used to taking Aden port as the boundary, and the routes to the west of Aden port, including the two sides of the Red Sea, Europe and the vast areas of North and South America, are classified as ocean routes. (2) near sea shipping line refers to the general designation of the sea transportation routes between the ports of our country and the ports of neighboring countries. In China, the routes in Asia and Oceania to the east of port Aden are usually called near sea routes. (3) coastal shipping line refers to the sea transportation routes between the ports of our country, such as Shanghai / Guangzhou, Qingdao / Dalian, etc.

　　3. According to the scope of navigation: (1) Atlantic route; (2) Pacific route; (3) Indian ocean route; (4) global route

1. According to whether the goods have been loaded on board, they can be divided into shipped on board B / L and receivedfor shipment B / L. The former refers to the bill of lading issued after the goods have been loaded on the ship, while the latter refers to the bill of lading issued when the carrier has taken over the goods and is ready to ship, so it is also called the received to be shipped Bill of lading. In the trade contract, the buyer generally requires the seller to provide the on board B / L, because the on board B / L has the name of the ship and the date of shipment, which guarantees the consignee to receive the goods on time.

　　2. The bill of lading can be divided into clean bill of lading (clean / L) and unclean or foul B / L according to whether there are bad comments on the appearance of the goods. The former refers to the bill of lading whose surface condition is good when the goods are loaded on board, and which generally does not indicate that the goods and / or the packing are defective. In foreign trade, for the sake of security, the bank requires clean B / L when negotiating payment. The latter refers to the bill of lading on which the carrier has annotated the goods and / or poor packing condition or defects.

　3. According to different modes of transportation, B / l can be divided into direct B / L, transshipment B / L, through B / / L and combined transport B / L. Direct bill of lading is a bill of lading issued by the carrier and shipped directly from the port of departure to the port of destination. If the cargo ship at the port of departure does not sail directly to the port of destination, the bill of lading issued when another ship arrives at the port of destination shall be replaced at the port of transshipment, which is called the transshipment bill of lading. If the goods need to be transported through two or more stages to the destination port, and one of them is by sea, such as land and sea, the bill of lading issued by air sea or sea sea sea combined transport is called combined transport bill of lading. So transshipment bill of lading is actually a kind of through bill of lading. However, the combined transportation must be the consistent transportation of two or more different modes of transportation, and the cargo bill of lading issued by the carrier. Therefore, the combined transport bill of lading is also called multimodal transport bill of lading. At present, in practical business, many shipping companies use the same format of combined transport bill of lading and combined transport bill of lading. Only when they are used as combined transport bill of lading, they must list the port of departure and the port of destination on the bill of lading, as well as the place of receipt, the place of delivery and the name of the preceding means of transport.

　4. According to the different title of B / L, B / l can be divided into straight B / L, bearer B / L and order B / L. A straight bill of lading lists the name of the consignee in the column of the consignee, so it is also called the consignee's header bill of lading. This kind of bill of lading can't be transferred by endorsement, and the goods can only be delivered to the consignee listed. A bearer bill of lading is a bill of lading in which the name of the consignee is not listed on the bill of lading. Whoever holds the bill of lading can take delivery of the goods to the carrier by presentation, and the carrier's delivery is based on the voucher. The instruction bill of lading, which does not list the consignee, can be transferred by endorsement, which is conducive to the turnover of funds and is widely used in international trade. Endorsement of bill of lading (Endorsement) has two kinds: blank endorsement and registered endorsement. Blank endorsement is signed by the endorser (i.e. the transferor of the bill of lading) on the back of the bill of lading with the name of the endorser's unit and the signature of the person in charge, but does not indicate the name of the endorsee or require the approval of the issuer of the original bill of lading. Indicating that a bill of lading can be transferred upon endorsement means that the endorser confirms the transfer of ownership of the bill of lading. In addition to the endorsement in blank, the name of the endorsee shall also be indicated. If the endorsee makes another transfer, it must be endorsed. If the bill of lading has the instructions of the shipper, the consignee and the importer's Bank, it can be transferred or picked up only after the endorsement of the shipper, the consignee or the importer's Bank.

　　In addition, there are full bill of lading and simple bill of lading; freight prepaid bill of lading and freight collect bill of lading; original bill of lading and duplicate bill of lading; bill of lading under charter party; deck bill of lading, counter signed bill of lading, advance bill of lading and so on.

(1) the shipping note (B / N) is called "delivery note" in some places. It is a document filled in by the shipper according to the trade contract and the terms of the letter of credit and used by the carrier or its agent to handle the shipment of goods. According to the contents of the consignment note, considering the route, port of call, time and space of the ship, the carrier will accept the consignment when he thinks it is appropriate. When making the consignment note: (1) port of destination: the name shall be clear and specific, and shall be consistent with the description of the letter of credit. If there is a port with the same name, the country, region, state and city shall be indicated after the port name. If the L / C stipulates that the destination port is an optional port, it shall be the basic port of the same route and the same voyage.

　　(2) transportation number, i.e. the number of the power of attorney.

　　Each shipper with import and export rights has a shipping code (usually commercial invoice number) for checking and financial settlement.

　　(3) name of goods

　　According to the actual name of the goods, it should be filled in both Chinese and English. More importantly, it should be consistent with the name of the goods listed in the letter of credit.

　　(4) marks and numbers, also known as shipping mark, are used to identify goods and prevent wrong delivery. They are usually composed of model, graphic receiving unit abbreviation, destination port, number of pieces or batch number, etc.

　　(5) weight measurement. The unit of weight is kilogram and the size is cubic meter;

　　(6) for palletized goods, the weight, size and weight of the goods shall be indicated respectively. For super long, overweight and super high goods, the detailed volume (length, width and height) and weight of each piece shall be provided, so that the freight company can calculate the stowage factor of the goods and arrange special loading equipment.

　　(7) payment method of freight. Generally, there are freight prepaid and freight collect. For some transshipment goods, the first freight shall be prepaid and the second freight shall be paid upon arrival, which shall be indicated separately.

　　(8) transshipment, partial shipment, loading period and validity period shall be indicated in accordance with the requirements of the L / C or the contract.

　　(9) notify person, consignee, and decide whether to fill in as required.

　　(10) relevant terms of transport, booking of shipping space and stowage of L / C goods shall also be listed one by one if the customer has special requirements.

　　(2) shipping order -- S / O

　　It is a shipping company that has accepted the shipper's application for shipment and issued it to the shipper to order the master to ship the goods. The shipping order is not only the basis for shipment, but also one of the main documents for the consignor to go through the export declaration formalities with the customs.

　　(3) goods receipt (M / R);

　　Also known as the chief mate's receipt, it is the receipt of the goods received by the ship and the evidence that the goods have been loaded on board.

　　As the main items of the above three documents are basically the same, in some major ports of our country, the method is to make them into joint documents and make documents at one time, which can not only reduce workload, but also reduce errors.

　　(4) loading list

　　It is the summary list of loading list prepared by the carrier according to the bottom of the loading list, the classification of the whole ship's goods to be loaded according to the port of destination and the nature of the goods, and the sequence of voyage and port. It is the main basis for the chief mate of the ship to prepare the stowage plan. It is also the business document for the site tally personnel to tally the goods, the port side to arrange the lightering, in and out of the warehouse and the carrier to master the situation.

　　(5) delivery order -- D / O

　　Also known as small bill of lading. If the consignee exchanges the original bill of lading or the duplicate bill of lading with the valid guarantee to the carrier or its agent, it may take the certificate of goods from the port loading and unloading department. When issuing small bills of lading, the following should be done: (1) the original bill of lading is held by the legal holder; (2) the non clean annotation on the bill of lading should be transferred to the small bill of lading. (3) in case of overflow, shortage and disability, the consignee is entitled to obtain corresponding visa from the carrier or its agent. (4) if the freight is not paid, the bill of lading can be released only after the consignee has paid the freight and related expenses.

　　(6) Bill of lading (B / L) is the receipt of goods issued by the carrier or his agent at the request of the shipper, which is issued after the goods are taken into his care to prove that the goods listed in the bill of lading have been received; it is a document of title. The holder of the bill of lading can take delivery of the goods, or use it to negotiate with the bank, or transfer the goods before the ship arrives at the port of destination for delivery, which is the proof of the contract of carriage between the carrier and the shipper.

Abbreviation Chinese English 　　A/W 全水路 All Water 　　ANER 亞洲北美東行運費協定 Asia NorthAmerica EastboundRate 　　B/L 海運提單 Bill of Lading 　　B/R 買價 Buying Rate 　　BAF 燃油附加費 Bunker AdjustmentFactor 　　C&F 成本加海運費 COST AND FREIGHT 　　C.C 運費到付 Collect 　　C.S.C 貨柜服務費 Container Service Charge 　　C.Y. 貨柜場 Container Yard 　　C/(CNEE) 收貨人 Consignee 　　C/O 產地證 Certificate of Origin 　　CAF 貨幣匯率附加費 Currency Adjustment Factor 　　CFS 散貨倉庫 Container Freight Station 　　CFS/CFS 散裝交貨（起點/終點） 　　CHB 報關行 Customs House Broker 　　CIF 成本，保險加海運費 COST，INSURANCE，FRIGHT 　　CIP 運費、保險費付至目的地 Carriage and Insurance Paid To 　　COMM 商品 Commodity 　　CPT 運費付至目的地 Carriage Paid To 　　CTNR 柜子 Container 　　CY/CY 整柜交貨（起點/終點） 　　D/A 承兌交單 Document Against Acceptance 　　D/O 到港通知 Delivery Order 　　D/P 付款交單 Document Against Payment 　　DAF 邊境交貨 Delivered At Frontier 　　DDC 目的港碼頭費 Destination Delivery Charge 　　DDP 完稅后交貨 Delivered Duty Paid 　　DDU 未完稅交貨 Delivered Duty Unpaid 　　DEQ 目的港碼頭交貨 Delivered Ex Quay 　　DES 目的港船上交貨 Delivered Ex Ship 　　Doc# 文件號碼 Document Number 　　EPS 設備位置附加費 Equipment Position Surcharges 　　Ex 工廠交貨 Work/ExFactory 　　F/F 貨運代理 Freight Forwarder 　　FAF 燃料附加費 Fuel AdjustmentFactor 　　FAK 各種貨品 Freight All Kind 　　FAS 裝運港船邊交貨 Free Alongside Ship 　　FCA 貨交承運人 Free Carrier 　　FCL 整柜 Full Container Load 　　Feeder Vessel/Lighter 駁船航次 　　FEU 40‘柜型 Forty-Foot Equivalent Unit 40’ 　　FMC 聯邦海事委員會 Federal Maritime Commission 　　FOB 船上交貨 Free On Board 　　GRI 全面漲價 General RateIncrease 　　H/C 代理費 Handling Charge 　　HBL 子提單 House B/L 　　I/S 內銷售 Inside Sales 　　IA 各別調價 Independent Action 　　L/C 信用證 Letter of Credit 　　Land Bridge 陸橋 　　LCL 拼柜 Less Than Container Load 　　M/T 尺碼噸（即貨物收費以尺碼計費） Measurement Ton 　　MB/L 主提單 Master Bill Of Loading 　　MLB 小陸橋，自一港到另一港口 Minni Land Bridge 　　Mother Vessel 主線船 　　MTD 多式聯運單據 Multimodal Transport Document 　　N/F 通知人 Notify 　　NVOCC 無船承運人 Non Vessel OperatingCommon Carrier 　　O/F 海運費 Ocean Freight 　　OBL 海運提單 Ocean (or original )B/L 　　OCP 貨主自行安排運到內陸點 Overland Continental Point 　　OP 操作 Operation 　　ORC 本地收貨費用（廣東省收?。?Origen Recevie Charges 　　P.P 預付 Prepaid 　　PCS 港口擁擠附加費 Port Congestion Surcharge 　　POD 目地港 Port Of Destination 　　POL 裝運港 Port Of Loading 　　PSS 旺季附加費 Peak Season Sucharges 　　S/(Shpr) 發貨人 Shipper 　　S/C 售貨合同 Sales Contract 　　S/O 裝貨指示書 Shipping Order 　　S/R 賣價 Selling Rate 　　S/S Spread Sheet Spread Sheet 　　SC 服務合同 Service Contract 　　SSL 船公司 Steam Ship Line 　　T.O.C 碼頭操作費 Terminal Operations Option 　　T.R.C 碼頭收柜費 Terminal Receiving Charge 　　T/S 轉船，轉運 Trans-Ship 　　T/T 航程 Transit Time 　　TEU 20‘柜型 Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit 20’ 　　THC 碼頭操作費（香港收取) Terminal Handling Charges 　　TTL 總共 Total 　　TVC/ TVR 定期定量合同 Time Volume Contract/ Rate 　　VOCC 船公司 Vessel Operating Common Carrier 　　W/M 即以重量噸或者尺碼噸中從高收費 Weight or Measurement ton 　　W/T 重量噸(即貨物收費以重量計費) Weight Ton 　　YAS 碼頭附加費 Yard Surcharges

Due to various reasons of ship, goods, port and other aspects, the ship increases expenses or suffers economic losses when transporting goods. In order to compensate these expenses or losses, in addition to the basic rate, the ship prescribes additional fees, which are called surcharge or additional.

　　There are many kinds of surcharges, and with some changes, new surcharges will be cancelled or formulated. Here are some common types of surcharges:

　　1. Fuel surcharge or fuel adjustment factor (BAF)

　　2. Devaluation surcharge or currency adjustment factor (CAF)

　　3. Deviation surcharge

　　4. Suez Canal Surcharge

　　5. Transshipment surcharge

　　6. Direct additional

　　7. Port surcharge

　　8. Port congestion surcharge

　　9. Heavy lift additional

　　10. Long length additional

　　11. Cleaning charge

　　12. Fumigation charge

　　13. Ice surcharge

　　14. Optional fees or optional additional

　　15. Alteration charge　 

1) contractor's bill of lading

　　A document evidencing the contract of carriage by sea and the taking over or loading of the goods by the carrier and the carrier's assurance of delivery at the port of destination.

　　2) house B / L

　　B / L issued by freight forwarder. The bill of lading is usually issued when the goods are shipped from and inland. Such bills of lading are usually used by International Forwarders. This kind of bill of lading is also used by the general forwarder to meet the customer's counter signing or other requirements that the owner cannot meet.

　　3) Master B / L

　　B / L issued by the owner.

　　4) shipped or board B / L

　　A bill of lading issued by the carrier to the shipper on which the goods have been loaded.

　　5) received for shipping B / L

　　B / L issued by the carrier when the goods have been received but not yet loaded on board.

　　6) direct B / L

　　It refers to the bill of lading issued when the goods are shipped from the loading port to the unloading port without changing the ship.

　　8) through B / L

　　The bill of lading issued by the carrier at the loading port and transshipped to the port of destination.

　　9) MTB / L

　　It refers to the bill of lading applicable to the whole transportation signed by two or more modes of transportation such as sea, inland river, railway, highway and air.

　　10) Liner B / L

　　Liner is a ship that is engaged in continuous freight transportation between specified ports on a certain route according to the published schedule. Liner can be divided into two types: regular setting out and irregular setting out.

　　11) Charter Party B / L

　　Generally, it refers to the bill of lading issued by the owner or the charterer when the charterer carries all the charterer's goods, the bill of lading signed by the owner to the charterer, or not all the charterer's goods.

　　12) Straight B / L

　　It refers to the bill of lading that only the consignee named on the bill of lading can pick up the goods, which is generally not negotiable.

　　13) Order B / L

　　There are usually no column name indication (order only), and column name indication (order of sheet or order of design * * company; order of * * bank). Such bill of lading may be transferred by endorsement of the instructing party.

　　14) Blank B / L or open B / L

　　There is no consignee or order in the bill of lading, that is, any holder of the bill of lading is entitled to take delivery of the goods.

　　15) Clean B / L

　　When the goods are delivered, they appear to be in good condition. When the carrier issues the bill of lading, he does not add any remarks that damage to the goods, poor packing or hinder the settlement of foreign exchange.

　　16) Unclean B / L

　　When the goods are delivered, if the packing and surface state of the goods are not solid and complete, the ship can endorse it as unclean bill of lading.

　　17) Parcel receipt or non-negotiable receipt

　　Suitable for small amount of goods, luggage or samples.

　　18) Minimum B / L

　　If the freight does not reach the minimum amount stipulated in the freight rate, it shall be charged according to the specified minimum freight rate.

　　19) Consolidated B / L omnibus B / L or combined B / L

　　When several bills of lading are issued, the former is called combined bill of lading and the latter is called assembled bill of lading.

　　20) Separate B / L

　　It refers to a batch of goods, i.e. goods of the same loading order, which can be divided into two or more sets of bills of lading according to the requirements of the shipper.

　　21) Stale B / L

　　It refers to the bill of lading that the exporter's date of presentation and settlement of foreign exchange to the bank is too long from the date of shipment and sailing, so that it can't be delivered to the consignee at the destination before the ship arrives at the destination. Generally, the bank does not accept such bill of lading.

　　22) Exchange B / L

　　It refers to a set of bills of lading issued at the midway port after the issuance of the bill of lading at the port of departure, as the shipment of the goods from the midway or transit station.

　　23) Anti-dated B / L

　　It refers to the bill of lading issued by the carrier at the request of the shipper after the goods have been loaded on board and the date of issuance of the bill of lading is earlier than the actual date of completion of loading.

　　24) Advanced B / L

　　If the goods fail to be loaded on time due to the expiry of the shipment and settlement period stipulated in the L / C, but they have been under the control of the carrier or have started loading, the shipper shall issue a letter of guarantee to require the carrier to advance the bill of lading.

　　25) On deck B / L

　　A bill of lading in which the cargo is loaded on the open deck of a ship and the words "甲板上" are indicated.

1. The bill of lading is the receipt of the carrier for receiving the goods or loading the goods

　　Generally speaking, a bill of lading issued by the carrier or its agent after the goods have been loaded on board indicates that the goods have been received or loaded by the carrier. However, in the actual business, after the cargo is loaded on board, the first mate's receipt issued by the first mate who is responsible for supervising the loading is used as the receipt for the carrier to take over the cargo or load the cargo. The bill of lading is based on the first mate's receipt or station receipt, which records the contents of the first mate's receipt or station receipt, so the bill of lading also has the function of the carrier's receipt for receiving goods or loading goods. Although the first mate's receipt or station receipt is the original receipt of the goods received by the carrier, they are only used as shipping documents or transport documents; what the shipper ultimately needs is not shipping documents, but bills of lading that can be used for settlement of foreign exchange, by which the consignee can take delivery of the goods and for commercial circulation. Therefore, the bill of lading is not only a shipping (or transportation) document, but also a commercial (business) document.

　　As the goods receipt, the bill of lading not only proves the name, type, quantity, mark and appearance of the goods received, but also proves the time of receiving the goods. In international trade, it is customary to ship the goods to symbolize the delivery of the goods by the seller to the buyer, so the time when the on board bill of lading is issued means the delivery time of the seller. In practice, when the shipper obtains the on board B / L, he can settle the foreign exchange with the bank and get the payment. Therefore, it is very necessary to prove the time of shipment of the goods with the bill of lading.

2. The bill of lading is the proof of the establishment of the contract of carriage of goods by sea

　　For the establishment of liner cargo transportation contract, first of all, the shipper shall book the space at the shipping company or its agent (shipping agent) with the consignment note or the letter of authorization for booking the space, which can be called "offer". If the carrier can meet the requirements of the shipper, accept the booking, determine the ship name, voyage number, bill of lading number, and sign on the shipping note, it can be called "commitment", that is, the contract of carriage of goods by sea is established. This agreement is the basis for both parties to arrange the transportation of goods. In case of any dispute, this Agreement shall also be the basis for settling the dispute.

　　The B / L is obtained after the goods are loaded on board, or in the process of contract performance. However, the right and obligation between the consignor and the consignor are not stipulated in the consignment note or the letter of authorization for booking space, while the clauses on the back of the bill of lading are stipulated, and the legal recognition is the basis for solving the disputes of liner cargo transportation. However, according to the strict legal concept, the bill of lading does not fully meet the basic conditions of an economic contract. It is not the product of the agreement between the two parties. The terms of the bill of lading that bind the two parties are formulated unilaterally by the carrier, or even issued by the bill of lading. The shipper does not look at them at all, so he goes to the bank to settle the exchange. In practice, what's more, I have been engaged in international trade for many years, but I don't know what terms and regulations the bill of lading has. Therefore, the issuance of a bill of lading by the carrier is only a certificate of the conclusion of the contract of carriage of goods by sea. If the consignor and the consignor have no agreement or contract other than the bill of lading, then the bill of lading is a certificate of the contract with the terms on the bill of lading.

　　If the shipper and the carrier have a contract of carriage, the rights and obligations of the consignor and the consignor shall be based on the contract; however, the rights and obligations of the consignee or the holder of the bill of lading and the carrier shall be handled according to the terms of the bill of lading, which is the contract of carriage between the consignee and the carrier. Article 78 of China's maritime law stipulates that "the rights and obligations of the carrier, the consignee and the holder of the bill of lading shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of the bill of lading."

3. The bill of lading is the document of title that the carrier guarantees to deliver the goods and transfer

　　According to the definition of B / L, the carrier should deliver the goods by B / L according to the provisions of B / L, and whoever holds the B / l can take delivery of the goods; the holder of B / L, no matter who, as long as he can deliver the B / L, the carrier guarantees to deliver the goods by way of B / L, he will not ask where the B / L comes from, or even investigate how to legally hold the B / L. Therefore, the holder of the bill of lading is the owner of the real right, which fully shows that the bill of lading is a document of real right. Except for the provisions of the law, the bill of lading can be transferred and mortgaged.

　　In order to speed up the circulation of goods and facilitate the financing, there has been "documentary trading" in international trade. As long as the document holder transfers the document representing a certain property or asset to another person, it means the transfer of ownership of the property or asset, and the transferor can obtain the price in time to accelerate the capital turnover. Since the bill of lading is a document of real right, in order to meet the above needs, in addition to the non-negotiable bill of lading, it can be sold and transferred by endorsement, which plays a very important role in international trade.

　　However, the transfer of B / L is restricted by certain conditions: first, the transfer of B / L must be valid before the carrier delivers the goods at the port of destination. If the carrier delivers the goods with one original B / L, the remaining copies will lose their validity, and the B / l can no longer be transferred; second, the holder of B / L must negotiate with the carrier to take delivery of the goods within a certain period of time when the goods arrive at the port of destination Third, the carrier can exercise the right to dispose of the undeliverable goods, which limits the validity of the bill of lading as the document of title.

　　In addition to the above nature and function, B / L plays an important role in business contact, cost settlement, foreign claims, etc

I. liner rate 

　　(I) relevant terms: 

　　1. Basic rate refers to the basic freight charged for each freight unit (such as one freight ton). The basic rate is divided into grade rate, goods rate, ad valorem rate, special rate and uniform rate. Liner freight is composed of basic freight and surcharges. 

　　2. Surcharges: in order to maintain the stability of the basic rate in a certain period of time, and correctly reflect the shipping costs of various goods in each port, liner companies have stipulated various fees in addition to the basic rate. There are: 

　　(1) fuel surcharge (b.a.f.) is added when fuel price suddenly rises. 

　　(2) devaluation surcharge or currency adjustment factor -- c.a.f. in case of devaluation, the ship's actual income will not be reduced, and the surcharges will be increased by a certain percentage of the basic freight rate. 

　　(3) transshipment surcharges. The surcharges charged by the shipowner, including transshipment fee and second voyage freight, for the goods to be transported to the non basic port and to the destination port. 

　　(4) direct additional. When the cargo transported to the non basic port reaches a certain quantity, the shipping company can arrange the additional charges for direct shipping to the port without transshipment. 

　　(5) heavy lift additional, long length additional and super charge of bulk cargo. A surcharge charged when the gross weight or length or volume of a piece of goods exceeds or reaches the value specified in this tariff. 

　　(6) port additional or port surcharge. In some ports, due to poor equipment conditions or low loading and unloading efficiency, as well as other reasons, surcharges are imposed by shipping companies.　　 

　　(7) port congestion surcharge. Some ports are overcrowded, and ships have increased their berthing time. 

　　(8) optional surcharges. If the shipper can not determine the specific port of discharge at the time of shipment, it is required to choose one of the two or more ports proposed in advance to discharge the cargo, and the ship will charge additional charges. 

　　(9) change of the port of discharge surcharge: the additional charge that the owner requires to change the original port of discharge with the permission of the relevant authority (such as Haiguan) and the consent of the shipowner. 

　　(10) deviation surcharge. The additional charge imposed by the ship when the ship has to make a detour to transport the goods to the destination port because the normal channel is blocked. 

　　(II) freight calculation standard (basis / unit for freight calculation): it is usually calculated according to the weight of the goods; according to the size or volume of the goods; according to the weight or size of the goods, select the one with the higher freight charge; charge a certain percentage of the FOB price of the goods as the fee, which is called ad valorem freight; calculate and collect according to the unit of each piece; charge freight according to the price temporarily agreed by both parties of the goods, which is called ad valorem freight For bargaining. 

　　(III) freight calculation steps: 

　　(1) select the relevant freight cost; 

　　(2) according to the name of the goods, the freight calculation standard (basis) and class are found in the goods classification table; 

　　(3) in the basic rate part of the level rate table, find the corresponding route, departure port and destination port, and find the basic freight rate by level. 

　　(4) find out all the items and amount (or percentage) and currency types of surcharges receivable (paid) from the surcharges; 

　　(5) calculate the actual freight rate according to the basic freight rate and surcharge; 

　　(6) freight = freight rate X freight ton 

　　II. Freight calculation of charter party: 

　　There are some stipulated freight rates in the charter party, which are calculated by the amount of each unit weight or volume of the goods, and some stipulated lump sum freight. The level of the rate mainly depends on the supply and demand of the charter market, but it is also related to the transportation distance, the type of goods, the loading and unloading rate, the use of the port, the division of loading and unloading expenses and the level of commission. In the contract, the freight shall be calculated according to the loading weight (intaken quantity) or the delivered quantity. If the freight is prepaid or paid on arrival, it shall be specified. It should be noted in particular that the freight payable time refers to the date of receipt by the owner, not the date of payment by the charterer. 

　　Division of handling costs: 

　　(1) gross or liner or berth terms, also known as "Liner conditions". 

　　(2) when adopting the condition of free in and out -- FIO, the shipowner shall also make clear who shall bear the charge for stowage and flat charge. Generally, charterers are required to bear, that is, the shipowner does not bear loading and unloading, free in and out, stowed, trimmed -- f.i.o.s.t. 

　　(3) free out -- F.O. conditions. 

　　(4) free in -- f.i. 

　　III. container freight 

　　At present, the container freight system is more mature than the inland freight system. Basically, it can be divided into two categories: one is the calculation method of the freight of the general cargo, i.e. the unit is per freight ton (commonly known as the bulk price), and the other is per container (commonly known as the package price). 

　　1. Basic rate of general cargo plus surcharge: 

　　(1) basic rate -- referring to the freight rate of traditional general cargo, the freight ton is used as the calculation unit, and the grade rate is used in most routes. 

　　(2) surcharges - in addition to the regular surcharges for traditional groceries, there are also surcharges related to the transportation of container goods. 

　　2. Box rate: this rate is based on each container. It is commonly used in the case of container delivery, i.e. cfs-cy or CY-CY terms. The common box rate has the following three forms: 

　　(1) FAK packing rate (freight for all kinds) - that is, for each container, it does not subdivide the goods in the container, and does not count the freight uniformly charged for the quantity of goods (within the important limit). 

　　(2) FCS freight for class: the freight rate of general cargo in container is the same as that of general cargo transportation, but the freight rate difference of general cargo in container is much smaller than that of general cargo. The charge of general low-level container is higher than that of traditional transportation, and the charge of high-price container is lower than that of traditional transportation The freight rate of container is higher than that of volume. It can be seen that the shipping company encourages people to pack and transport high priced goods and bulk goods. Under this rate, the LCL freight calculation is the same as the traditional transportation. According to the name of the goods, we can find the grade, calculate the standard, and then set the corresponding rate, multiply the freight ton, that is the freight. 

　　(3) FCB packing rate (freight for class or basis) - this is the rate formulated according to different goods grades or categories and calculation standards.

Five navigation rights

The right of navigation "is called" freedom of the air "according to international practice. The concept of "traffic rights" originated from the "Chicago conference" in 1944, also known as "freedom of the air". Its legal basis is the provisions of the international air transit agreement (commonly known as the "two free agreements") and the international air transport agreement (commonly known as the "five free agreements") in 1944.

　　 The first right of navigation, the right of overflight;

         Second right of navigation, right of technical suspension;

         Third right of navigation, destination underground passenger and cargo rights;

         The fourth right of navigation, the right to pick up passengers and goods at the destination;

         The fifth right of navigation is the right to pick up and disembark passengers or goods at a certain point within the territory of a third country.

　　Specific explanation: the third aviation right refers to the right of an airline in one country or region to carry passengers and goods from its country or region of registration to another country or region;　

　　The fourth right of navigation refers to the right of an airline of one country or region to carry passengers and goods from another country or region back to its country or region of registration;

　　The fifth aviation right refers to the right of an airline of a country or region to carry passengers and goods between two countries or regions outside its country or region of registration, but the starting point of its flight must be its country or region of registration.